Recommendations for the Neurophysiological Assessment of Conditioned Pain Modulation: A Systematic Review of Nociceptive Blink Reflex and Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex Protocols.

ABSTRACT:

Background and objective

The nociceptive blink reflex (NBR) and nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) are increasingly used as neurophysiological test stimuli to assess conditioned pain modulation (CPM). However, methodological inconsistencies limit reproducibility and cross-study comparison. This systematic review aimed to evaluate experimental protocols and outcome measures used in CPM studies employing NBR or NWR, and to propose recommendations for standardisation.

Databases and data treatment

Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane and Ovid databases was conducted. Studies were included if they assessed CPM in healthy adults using NBR or NWR. Data were extracted on stimulation parameters, electrode configuration, participant positioning, data a

SUBMITTER: Murphy J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12558665 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature