Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Non-HACEK Gram-Negative Infective Endocarditis.

ABSTRACT: Background/Objectives: Non-HACEK Gram-Negative Infective Endocarditis (NHGNIE) is a rare but increasingly recognized condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Its incidence is rising among people who inject drugs (PWID), patients with prosthetic valves or cardiac devices, and those with significant healthcare exposure. We aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management of NHGNIE. Methods: We conducted a narrative synthesis of published cohort studies, case series, guideline documents, and recent registry data addressing NHGNIE. Evidence was extracted and critically appraised with emphasis on epidemiological patterns, microbial etiology, diagnostic frameworks, therapeutic strategies, and outc

SUBMITTER: Monardo R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12561054 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature