Mitogenomic Characterization of Mining Bee Family Andrenidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) and Insights into Bee Phylogeny.

ABSTRACT: Andrenidae is a major pollinator lineage with considerable ecological importance, yet limited molecular resources have impeded comprehensive understanding of its evolutionary history. This study sequenced and assembled five mitogenomes of Andrenidae, which were collected from Xizang, Tibet. Analyses included sequence size, nucleotide composition, Ka/Ks ratios, and gene rearrangements. The assembled mitogenomes ranged from 15,631 to 18,506 bp in length. AT content (%) varied between 74.46 and 79.85. Relative synonymous codon usage analysis revealed that AUU, UUA, UUU, and UUA were the most frequently preferred codons. All 13 protein-coding genes displayed Ka/Ks values below one, with ATP8 showing the highest ratio and COX1 the lowest. Gene rearrangements occurred in all mitoge

SUBMITTER: Zhang D 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12561233 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature