Differential Host Responses and Viral Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Strains in Diverse Cell Lines with a Raw Milk Supplement.

ABSTRACT: The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a growing global health threat, particularly following its unprecedented spillover into dairy cattle and subsequent transmission to more than 1000 dairy farms in 18 states. This study investigates the host cell responses to distinct H5N1 strains (bovine- and mink-derived H5N1) in the presence and absence of raw milk across diverse mammalian cell lines (MDCK, MDBK, A549, Vero, MV1). Our findings reveal that the bovine-derived H5N1 strain exhibits more robust replication than the mink-derived H5N1 and demonstrates intra-host viral evolution with emerging amino acid substitutions detectable by deep sequencing. Although raw milk supplementation did not directly enhance viral replication in vitro, it significantly modulated host gene

SUBMITTER: Singh G 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12565113 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature