Dry-printed electrodes for transcutaneous electrical stimulation of innervated muscles: Towards wearable and closed-loop stimulation.

ABSTRACT:

Background

While transcutaneous electrical stimulation is an established clinical technique, applied in clinical settings, the need for precise electrode placement, limited long-term stability, and user inconvenience hinders widespread adoption in wearable and home-based applications. To address these issues, soft screen-printed electrode arrays, previously validated for biopotential recording and bioimpedance applications, were evaluated in two new contexts: (1) Systematic comparison against gel electrodes for stimulation in the neck region, and (2) Real-time closed-loop facial stimulation in healthy subjects.

Methods

Contact impedance was measured and modeled for both printed (dry) and conventional gel electrodes. Accessory nerve stimulation efficacy was evaluated in 12 he

SUBMITTER: Ibrahim R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12570673 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature