Evidence for symbolic use of ochre by Micoquian Neanderthals in Crimea.

ABSTRACT: Ochre use is widely regarded as a potential marker of symbolic behavior in Paleolithic societies. We conducted a multiproxy analysis of 16 ochre pieces from Middle Paleolithic Micoquian sites in Crimea [Zaskalnaya V (ZSKV), ZSKVI, and Prolom II] and mainland Ukraine (Mukhovets), spanning up to 70,000 years. Using portable x-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and technological analysis, we identified deliberate modifications including grinding, scoring, flaking, and scraping. Three pieces (ZSKV-05, ZSKV-06, and ZSKV-07) show features exceeding utilitarian use: One is shaped into a crayon-like tool with repeated resharpening, another appears to be a crayon fragment, and a third bears engraved, polished surfaces. These traits suggest the

SUBMITTER: d'Errico F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12571073 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature