Scapular morphological variations and sex-related and generational differences in global scapular shape: three-dimensional morphometric analysis using a homologous model.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The objectives of the present study were to perform a three-dimensional morphometric analysis of global scapular shape in 500 individuals using homologous modeling and to examine sex-related and generational differences in global scapular shape.

Methods

Computed tomography images of the scapulae of 500 individuals were obtained. A homologous model of the scapula, comprising 19,563 vertices, was created based on 40 landmarks. Principal component analysis of the three-dimensional coordinates of all vertices was performed. The morphological variation represented by each principal component (PC) was interpreted based on the virtual shape of each loading score, a 2-way analysis of variance of PC scores was conducted to assess sex-related and generational differences.

SUBMITTER: Tokita R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12573509 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature