Enhancing Ishihara and educational images using machine learning: toward accessible learning for colorblind individuals.

ABSTRACT: Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) affects over 300 million individuals worldwide, with protanopia and deuteranopia being the most common subtypes, causing red-green confusion. This study leverages machine learning to (a) classify reference (considered as normal vision) and simulated protanopia and deuteranopia Ishihara plate images, (b) generate corresponding enhanced versions of these images, and (c) provide improved textbook diagrams (from NCERT books) and other pseudochromatic figures for CVD students, validated through feedback from diagnosed individuals. Tritanopia and milder forms of CVD were excluded in this study. A dataset of 1,400 Ishihara plates was processed to simulate protanopia and deuteranopia perception via standard Red Green Blue (sRGB) to long-, medium-, and short-wavelength

SUBMITTER: Prajapati AR 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12575240 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature