Advances in Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Thoraco-Lumbar Spine: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT: Understanding spine biomechanics is essential for maintaining posture under static and dynamic conditions, relying on a balance of muscular and gravitational forces. Computational musculoskeletal (MSK) models are increasingly being used in biomechanical research as non-invasive alternatives to in vivo and in vitro methods. Two main MSK modeling strategies are multibody (MB) models, which simplify the spine using rigid vertebrae and intervertebral joints to study muscle recruitment, and finite element (FE) models, which provide detailed tissue representation but often rely on oversimplified loading conditions. Recently, coupled (C) models integrating MB and FE approaches have emerged, though they face technical integration challenges. This literature review examines thoracolumbar MSK modeli

SUBMITTER: Carpenedo L 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12575568 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature