Immune checkpoint-based biomarkers for therapeutic response in patients with multiple sclerosis.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Although numerous disease-modifying treatments have been introduced for multiple sclerosis (MS), approximately 25% of patients experience therapeutic failure. This underscores the urgent need for reliable, minimally invasive biomarkers to predict treatment response at early stages. This study aimed to investigate 22 circulating immune cell subpopulations and their immune checkpoint (IC) expression profiles to identify early immunological biomarkers indicative of therapeutic failure in MS patients.

Methods

In this observational and prospective study, 119 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were enrolled, including 69 responders and 50 non-responders, and 29 healthy controls. Spectral flow cytometry was used to immunophenotype 22 immune cell subpopulations and qu

SUBMITTER: Lopez-Molina M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12580306 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature