Unraveling the risk factors, prognostic predictors, and evolving therapeutic approaches for phlegmasia cerulea dolens over 30 years.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) is the most severe form of deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities. Clinical guidelines have not systematically outlined its risk factors, diagnostic methods, or treatment strategies. In this study, the literature published over the past 30 years is reviewed to summarize the clinical features of, diagnostic approaches to, prognostic factors of, and evolving management strategies for PCD.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 144 PCD patients from 1990 to 2024. Demographic data, clinical features, comorbidities, diagnostic methods, treatments, and prognostic outcomes were extracted. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the impact of

SUBMITTER: Feng Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12581758 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature