Olfactory Dysfunction as a Window Into the Heterogeneity of Parkinson Disease.

ABSTRACT:

Background

While olfactory dysfunction is common in Parkinson disease (PD), its neural basis and clinical implications remain to be clarified. We investigated the neural substrates and clinical profiles, particularly non-motor symptoms (NMSs), associated with olfactory function.

Methods

This retrospective study included 259 drug-naïve patients with PD who underwent the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT), comprehensive autonomic function test, neuropsychological assessments, and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) at diagnosis. NMS profiles were compared across olfactory groups defined by CC-SIT scores (normosmia [n = 45], hyposmia [n = 143], anosmia [n = 74]). Associations between olfaction and clinical/imaging variables were assessed using co

SUBMITTER: Sun Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12584115 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature