Therapeutic potential of <i>Codonopsis lanceolata</i> peel extract in premenstrual syndrome: insights into hormonal, immune, and microbial interactions.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the therapeutic potential of Codonopsis lanceolata peel extract (CPE) for premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The focus was on hormonal, immune, and microbial pathways. In vitro, CPE reduced nitric oxide production and suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In pituitary GH3 cells stimulated with estradiol, CPE inhibited prolactin secretion. In a metoclopramide (MCP)-induced hyperprolactinemia mouse model, CPE decreased serum prolactin, PGE2, and inflammatory cytokines, while increasing PGE1 and FSH levels. Microbiome analysis showed that CPE enriched beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and reduced pro-inflammatory taxa including Oscillibacter and Desulfovibrionaceae. These microbial shi

SUBMITTER: Gwon H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12589743 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature