Non-invasive brain stimulation augmentation therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) provides adjunctive therapeutic options for individuals with schizophrenia if medications are insufficient to produce clinical response, but guidelines remain controversial on whether NIBS is effective, and which NIBS methods and targets are preferred. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of NIBS for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS).

Methods

This systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials investigated NIBS interventions, including electroconvulsive therapy, magnetic seizure therapy (MST), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and transcranial electric stimulation (tES), as adjunctive treatment for TRS. We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's specialised regis

SUBMITTER: Wei Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12589960 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature