Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles-loaded GelMA microspheres enhance diabetic wound healing by promoting M2 macrophage polarization through p38 MAPK inhibition.

ABSTRACT: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a serious complication of diabetes, typically exhibiting persistent inflammation and impaired tissue repair. Although small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-sEVs) possess therapeutic potential for diabetic wound repair by modulating inflammatory responses, their regulatory mechanisms and limited in vivo retention remain challenges. Here, we developed MSC-sEVs-loaded gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microspheres (sEVs@MS) as a therapeutic dressing for diabetic wounds. MSC-sEVs were characterized and found to induce M1-to-M2 polarization in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), significantly downregulating iNOS and TNF-α while upregulating CD206 and IL-10 in vitro. RNA sequencin

SUBMITTER: Li W 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12590144 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature