Genetic Insights Into the Relationship Between Menstrual Factors and Site-/Age-Specific Bone Mineral Density.

ABSTRACT:

Backgrounds

Observational studies have suggested possible links between reproductive factors and bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis (OP), but the causal impact of menstrual factors on BMD remains obscure.

Objectives

This study is aimed at inferring causal associations between key menstrual factors and site-/age-specific BMD.

Methods

Genetic variants associated with age at menarche (AAM), last menstrual period (LMP), and length of menstrual cycle (LMC) were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The site-/age-specific BMD genetic data were derived from the Genetic Factors for OP Consortium (GEFOS). Causal associations were evaluated using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach and a multivariable MR (MVMR) model.

Results

LMP

SUBMITTER: Li S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12598576 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature