Immune-oncology-microbiome axis in lung cancer: from carcinogenesis to therapy-a narrative review.

ABSTRACT:

Background and objective

Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the critical role of the microbiome in lung cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Microbial dysbiosis has been identified as a significant risk factor for lung cancer progression. Beyond the gut, emerging evidence shows that microorganisms also colonize the lungs and even inside tumors, suggesting a broader role of the microbiome in the disease. This review explores the immune-oncology-microbiome (IOM) axis by examining microbial communities across different anatomical sites, their interactions with the tumor immune microenvironment, and their impact on immunotherapy efficacy in lung cancer.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search using PubMed and Web of Scienc

SUBMITTER: Shen M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12605703 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature