Inducing macrophage M2-Type polarization via anodized anisotropic TiO₂ nanoporous topography on titanium surfaces.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Dental implant success critically depends on soft tissue integration (STI) to prevent peri-implantitis. Macrophages, key immune regulators, exhibit distinct pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory/pro-healing (M2) phenotypes, significantly impacting peri-implant tissue responses. While implant surface nanostructures modulate macrophage polarization, the effects of specific topographies and underlying mechanisms require further elucidation. This study investigated the ability of an anodized anisotropic titanium dioxide nanoporous (TNP) surface to direct human macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and explored the associated mechanisms.

Methods

An anisotropic nanoporous titanium topography was fabricated via electrochemical anodization followed by annea

SUBMITTER: Xie S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12606978 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature