METS-IR and SII as mediators in the association between smoking and depressive symptoms: insights from NHANES (2005-2018).

ABSTRACT:

Background

Depression is associated with smoking and inflammation. However, whether inflammation and metabolic insulin resistance mediate the relationship between smoking and depression remains unclear.

Methods

We analyzed 15,391 participants from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), representing approximately 92,321,194 individuals in the USA. Data on depressive symptoms (assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), smoking (assessed via smoking questionnaire), and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and metabolic insulin resistance score (METS-IR) were evaluated. Additionally, the effect of smoking on all-cause mortality among individuals with depressive symptoms was assessed.

Results

Weighted logistic regression

SUBMITTER: Zhou Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12607224 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature