Real-Time Stereotactic MRI-Guided Sclerotherapy with Bleomycin-Polidocanol Foam: Illuminating Inaccessible Venous Malformations.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: Venous malformations (VMs) that infiltrate the muscular layer, involve or are closely adjacent to critical nerves or vessels, or are located deep within or very close to major organs in the thoracic or abdominal cavities are challenging to access during sclerotherapy, which we defined as inaccessible VMs. This study proposed an integrated real-time stereotactic MRI-guided sclerotherapy with bleomycin-polidocanol foam (RSMS-BPF) for the treatment of inaccessible VMs, focusing on its clinical feasibility, efficacy, and safety. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving patients treated with RSMS-BPF between 2019 and 2021. During the sclerotherapy, the intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was combined with an optical navigation system to guide

SUBMITTER: Jiang X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12608222 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature