Durability Considerations in Replacing Blast Furnace Slag with Low-Grade Calcined Clay and Natural Pozzolan in Quaternary Cements.

ABSTRACT: Belgium and the EU-27 face a shortage of suitable supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) capable of supporting high levels of Portland cement substitution. To reduce CO₂ emissions from the cement industry, blended cements incorporating low-grade calcined clay, limestone, and lava (a natural pozzolan) are investigated. Calcined clay is combined with limestone to produce a limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3). The reactivity of these new blends is assessed using isothermal calorimetry and compared to a reference blend with ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Results show that mixtures with calcined clay develop slightly lower 28-day strength than those with GGBFS, while blends with lava exhibit strength gains only at later ages due to delayed pozzolanic activity. Ov

SUBMITTER: Etcheverry JM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12608432 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature