Bridging innovation and policy: comparative pathways of national vaccine development in low- and middle-income countries.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

To examine how national innovation and policy configurations enabled vaccine development in Brazil, Cuba, India, and Iran, and to distil lessons for low- and middle-income country (LMIC) vaccine sovereignty.

Methods

Narrative review of peer-reviewed and grey literature (2020-2023), guided by a structured search and screening approach; synthesis mapped to national and sectoral innovation system perspectives and technology readiness levels.

Results

Cuba and Iran leveraged mission-oriented public research and development (R&D) and domestic platforms; India combined indigenous R&D with large-scale licensed manufacturing; Brazil's scientific capacity was constrained by fragmented governance and supply-chain dependence. Adaptive regulation (e.g., emergency use au

SUBMITTER: Marandi V 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12611528 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature