Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.

ABSTRACT: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and primarily affects individuals with cirrhosis. While viral hepatitis has historically been the predominant cause, the burden of HCC is increasingly shifting toward non-viral aetiologies, such as ALD (alcohol-related liver disease) and MASLD (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease). Preventive strategies, including HBV vaccination and antiviral therapies, have reduced the incidence of virus-related HCC, while emerging antifibrotic and metabolic agents may limit MASLD progression. Surveillance with biannual ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein testing facilitates early detection and curative treatment, although underuse remains a critical limitation. Advances in surgical resection

SUBMITTER: Mauro E 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12615749 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature