The CD8⁺/Foxp3⁺ ratio, but not the number of OX40⁺ TILs, is an independent predictor of tumor recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a retrospective study.

ABSTRACT: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) frequently recurs and progresses into an aggressive and lethal entity within five years. The clinical management of recurrent tumors remains limited. Therefore, identifying individual patients who are at a high risk of recurrence is crucial for early clinical monitoring and appropriate medical intervention, which may lead to improved outcomes. OX40 is a dual modulator that stimulates effector T cells and suppresses Tregs. It appears to be an ideal molecule for predicting survival outcomes, surpassing the predictive power of single or combined T cell signatures. It has been shown to act as an independent tumor prognostic predictor in various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer. However, its potential as a

SUBMITTER: Han K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12619943 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature