Built environment and the evolution of cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) is a monotonic if not linear continuum where, over time, incremental rises in biological risk can herald large increases in absolute disease risk and thus incident cardiometabolic disease (CMD). The built environment (BE)-green/open space, walkability, and food environment-may influence biological risk. Assessing the biological plausibility and temporal direction of such associations by linking BE features to the progression of biological indicators of CMR is essential for stronger causal inference. This review summarised longitudinal studies assessing BE factors and continuously expressed biological indicators of CMR.

Methods

Six databases were searched for longitudinal studies examining associations between BE features and continuous C

SUBMITTER: Feyissa TR 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12625204 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature