Ginseng-derived GABAFG ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating autophagy-lysosome pathway and gut microbiota.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are the hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is a systemic metabolic disease caused by insulin resistance and malfunctioning pancreatic β-cells. Although ginseng (the roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) can be used to treat T2DM, the underlying mechanism is unclear.

Objectives

To assess the role and mechanism of, γ-aminobutyric acid-fructosyl-glucose (GABAFG), a maillard reaction product of ginseng, in T2DM treatment.

Methods

The metabolism of GABAFG in serum and tissues was analyzed via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q exactive-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS). The molecular mechanisms of GABAFG in pancreatic β-cells (in vivo and in vitro) were investigated via Western blotting, qPCR and immunofl

SUBMITTER: Qi MH 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12627334 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature