Protopanaxadiol induces apoptosis through JNK signaling pathway and targeting MLK3 in human melanoma.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with limited therapeutic options due to drug resistance and recurrence. Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a bioactive metabolite derived from Panax ginseng, has demonstrated promising anticancer properties. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of PPD on melanoma remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the anticancer effects of PPD on melanoma cells and elucidate its molecular mechanisms.

Methods

To evaluate anti-melanoma activity of PPD and its mechanism MTT and crystal violet staining assays, GO enrichment analysis, KEGG enrichment analysis, flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, and CETSA experiments were carried out.

Results

PPD significantly inhibited the viability of melanoma cells in a dose- and

SUBMITTER: He Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12629714 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature