Examination of the toxicity of a new group of <i>Karenia papilionacea</i> isolated from the Yellow Sea, China, to multiple species of marine aquatic animals.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

The dinoflagellate genus Karenia G. Hansen and Moestrup is notorious for forming harmful algal blooms (HABs), most of which can produce a variety of potent toxins (e.g., brevetoxins), killing fish and other aquatic animals above a certain cell density. Among the 11 currently accepted Karenia species, more than half of which are toxic, 8 species (K. bicuneiformis, K. brevis, K. brevisulcata, K. hui, K. longicanalis, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, and K. selliformis) have been reported or described in Chinese coastal waters. Among these, K. papilionacea is globally distributed, with records in Asia, Europe, America, and Oceania. In China, it occurs in the East and South China Seas, though its morphological character

SUBMITTER: Chen Q 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12631269 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature