Insect-Spinach Waste Synergy: Enhancing <i>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</i> under Copper Stress.

ABSTRACT: Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) coated with hyperbranched spermine derivatives and functional groups such as glucose and folic acid, synthesized via green methods using rosemary extracts, represent a novel strategy to improve plant resistance to heavy metal stress. Various formulations, including FSM-coated (spermine), FHS-coated (hyperbranched spermine), FSMPF-coated (FSM-polyethylene glycol-folic acid), FSMPG-coated (FSM-P-glucose), FHSPF-coated (FHS-P-folic acid), and FHSPG-coated (FHS-P-glucose), were tested for their ability to improve the quality and stress resistance of Guar beans under copper oxide stress (CuO stress, CS). Six formulations (FSM, FHS, FSMPF, FSMPG, FHSPF, FHSPG) were synthesized and characterized by NMR, FTIR, TEM, SEM, DLS, and VSM. Compatibility an

SUBMITTER: Afrouz M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12631319 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature