Associations of estrogen with modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for dementia: A narrative review.

ABSTRACT: Female sex is associated with higher incidence and risk of dementia. Estrogen may represent one important mechanism contributing to the increase in incidence rates. In this review, we synthesize narratively the evidence for associations between estrogen-across the life course from menarche to menopause, estrogen-containing hormonal contraception and hormone replacement therapies, and pregnancy-with potential modifiable risk factors for dementia. These include education, hearing loss, traumatic brain injury, hypertension, alcohol use, obesity, smoking, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, social isolation, air pollution, and untreated visual loss, as well as apolipoprotein E ε4. In addition, evidence is summarized for associations with sleep,

SUBMITTER: Gregory S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12631545 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature