Real-Time Visualization of Calcium Phosphate Formation on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Liquid Transmission Electron Microscopy.

ABSTRACT: The integration of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) with calcium phosphate (CaP)-based hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a promising strategy for enhancing the bioactivity of bone implants. However, a fundamental understanding of the interfacial reactions governing CaP mineralization on TiO₂ remains limited due to lack of characterization techniques with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution in hydrated state. In this study, in situ liquid transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and correlative ex situ TEM analyses are combined to investigate the nucleation, aggregation, and crystallization of the CaP layer on TiO₂ nanoparticle surfaces. The findings reveal a three-step mineralization process: 1) aggregation of TiO₂ nanoparticles in solution, 2) formati

SUBMITTER: Zhang J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12632435 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature