Retreatment, rechallenge, and escalation with subsequent immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies across cancers after initial failure.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are used across many tumor types in perioperative and advanced settings. However, most patients discontinue treatment due to disease progression, adverse events, or other reasons. Clinical benefit of using ICIs following discontinuation is not well defined.

Methods

We analyzed the literature examining ICI treatment outcomes after progression or discontinuation in different tumor types. We extracted data from 51 studies, assessed the strength of the evidence, summarized treatment options, and identified gaps in our understanding.

Results

We proposed definitions for the different scenarios of subsequent treatment with ICIs. In melanoma, studies frequently reported complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and stable di

SUBMITTER: da Silva IP 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12639429 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature