A comparative immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis of human gingiva in smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis : a cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT:

Aim

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate histological, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric differences in gingival epithelial thickness, vascular elements, and connective tissue in smokers vs. non-smokers with Stage II Grade B generalized periodontitis.

Methods

Sixty gingival tissue samples [smokers (n = 30) and non-smokers (n = 30)] were harvested from patients undergoing modified Widman flap surgery. All participants were systemically healthy, with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≤ 5 mm and clinical attachment loss of 3-4 mm. Histological analysis was performed using hematoxylin & eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining with CD34 and CD105. Morphometric evaluations, including epithelial thickness, epithelial cell and nucle

SUBMITTER: Reddy SSP 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12639687 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature