Structural Domain Analysis of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate Combined With Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics to Elucidate Their Functional Diversity in Liver Cancer and APAP-Induced Liver Injury.

ABSTRACT: The precise structure of glycosaminoglycans is critical for their bioactivity and the development of glycopharmaceuticals. Herein, cellular and animal experiments were conducted to assess the differences in the activities of heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) against liver cancer and drug-induced liver injury. Label-free quantitative proteomics, bioinformatics, biolayer interferometry, and immunohistochemical analyses were used to determine key proteins with differential expression. As a result, HP demonstrated superior antiliver cancer activity compared with HS, whereas HS exhibited strong potential in resisting acetaminophen-induced liver injury. DIRAS family GTPase 2 (DIRAS2) was identified as a key HS-binding protein that was strongly associated with cell proliferation, and its expr

SUBMITTER: An Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12639849 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature