Synergistic phototherapy and Ca²⁺ consumption for combating biofilms in diabetic wounds <i>via</i> ion interference, physical disruption, and biological regulation.

ABSTRACT: Multimodal treatment has become an essential strategy for addressing complex diabetic wound biofilm infections, which are resistant to conventional antibiotics and immune responses. Phototherapy including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) presents a highly promising solution. However, monomodal phototherapy often fails to fully eradicate resilient biofilms, as their dense extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) acts as a physical barrier. Ca²⁺ plays a crucial role in biofilm formation and bacterial structural integrity. A decrease in Ca²⁺ concentration destabilizes the biofilm, making it more susceptible to therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the multimodal treatment integrating PDT and PTT with Ca²⁺ consumption affords an appeali

SUBMITTER: Liu Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12640079 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature