The timing of macronutrient and major food group intake and associations with mortality among United States adults, 1999‒March 2020: a serial cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Eating timing has been increasingly linked to health, yet national trends in macronutrient/food group timing and their health implications remain unclear.

Objectives

To characterize trends in the timing of energy, macronutrient, and food group intake among United States adults and examine their associations with mortality.

Methods

In this serial cross-sectional study of adults aged ≥20 y with ≥1 valid 24-h dietary recall (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999‒March 2020), we examined secular trends in timing of energy, macronutrients, and major food group intake. Associations with mortality (through December 2019) were examined using Cox models.

Results

Among 50,264 adults, evening (18:00-22:00) accounted for the highest daily energy

SUBMITTER: Zhang Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12640652 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature