Droplet-mediated kinetic-to-thermodynamic transition for the fabrication of uniform 1D and 2D nanostructures from conjugated homopolymers.

ABSTRACT: Kinetically controlled nonequilibrium self-assembly is ubiquitous in biological systems and plays a critical role in self-organization. Yet, achieving precise control over such nonequilibrium phase transitions remains a fundamental challenge in materials design. Here, we demonstrate that conjugated homopolymers can form uniform nanostructures with well-defined dimensions through a solution-phase kinetic-to-thermodynamic transition (KTT). This process proceeds via a rationally designed liquid-like intermediate that mediates nucleation and directional growth, affording morphologically pure nanostructures. Remarkably, the solvent environment critically dictates nucleation within the liquid-like intermediates, enabling the formation of either one-dimensional (1D) nanowires or two-dimens

SUBMITTER: Li Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12641428 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature