Tumor immune microenvironment and immune phenotypes in PD-L1-tested canine urothelial carcinoma.

ABSTRACT: Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) is a promising therapeutic strategy for counteracting tumor immune evasion. The therapeutic response largely depends on interactions between cancer cells and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). This study aimed to characterize the TIME and its relationship with the immune checkpoint ligand Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in canine urothelial carcinomas (UCs). UCs were retrospectively selected and tested for PD-L1 using single-antibody immunohistochemistry. Multiplex immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-CD3, -CD20, and -IBA1 antibodies, to co-localize the immune cells (ICs). Both ICs and PD-L1 expression were quantified with computer-assisted image analysis (QuPath software). Based on the spatial distribution and density of ICs, tumors wer

SUBMITTER: Muscatello LV 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12642274 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature