Adult Children's Timing of Entry into Parenthood : Parental Investment, Education, and Gender.

ABSTRACT: Highly educated individuals have their first child at later ages compared to less-educated individuals, and parental investment is associated with the childbearing of adult children. However, no studies have explored the association between maternal and paternal investment and the timing of parenthood for adult daughters and sons, and whether this association varies by education level. Based on the parenthood penalty and life-history theory, it is hypothesized that parental investment decreases the age at first birth of highly educated adult children and increases the age at first birth of less educated and those currently enrolled in education, particularly between mothers and adult daughters. Event-history analyses were conducted on 4,111 participants and 894 first births from 13 waves o

SUBMITTER: de Bel V 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12644179 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature