Influence of subnational contextual factors on demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods: a multilevel approach in 46 surveys from low- and middle-income countries.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

Understanding contextual drivers of family planning is crucial for designing effective, context-specific policies and programmes. This study aimed to assess (1) the extent to which province-level contextual factors are associated with both coverage and wealth-related inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) across provinces in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and (2) whether these factors influence mDFPS at women's level.

Design

Observational study using multilevel modelling at both ecological and individual levels.

Setting

We analysed data from Demographic and Health Surveys between 2011 and 2022 in 46 LMICs.

Participants

Ecological analysis included 621 provinces. Individual-level analysis included 302

SUBMITTER: Lima NP 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12645598 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature