Trends in nulliparous singleton alive births by cesarean section in India: Empirical patterns across public and private hospitals for 720 districts, 2016-2021.

ABSTRACT: Unnecessary cesarean surgeries pose significant short and long-term risks, affecting fertility, future pregnancies, and child health outcomes. Timely monitoring and precise targeting are crucial to mitigate additional health and economic burdens. This study examines trends and patterns in cesarean deliveries among nulliparous singleton births across all 36 states and 720 districts in India, comparing public and private hospitals between 2016 and 2021. Using a repeated cross-sectional analysis of two waves of India's National Family Health Survey, we assess the prevalence of cesarean births and explore how the relative contribution of different geographical levels (villages/blocks, districts, states) to the total variation has evolved over time. At the national level, cesarean rates in publ

SUBMITTER: Rajpal S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12646418 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature