The Domination of Penicillin G Degradation in Natural Surface Water: Effect of Calcium Ion and Biological Dissolved Organic Matter.

ABSTRACT: Background: Although hydrolysis and photolysis are important pathways for penicillin antibiotics degradation in aquatic ecosystems, the degradation mechanism of penicillin antibiotics in real natural waters is rarely reported. Furthermore, the dominant factors influencing this process are poorly understood. Methods: Therefore, five natural waters were selected to simulate both the hydrolysis and photolysis processes of penicillin G (PG) in aqueous environments. Results: Our results demonstrated that the half-life of PG hydrolysis ranged from 44 h to 141 h in natural water, and aqueous Ca²⁺ ion was the most important factor controlling the hydrolytic degradation of PG. Moreover, several biological dissolved organic matter (DOM, microbial by-product compounds)

SUBMITTER: Sheng F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12649314 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature