Toe-In and Toe-Out Walking Patterns and Lateral Wedge Insoles: A Musculoskeletal Simulation and Probabilistic Modelling Assessment of Medial Tibiofemoral Cartilage Mechanics.

ABSTRACT: This study examined lateral wedge insoles and altered foot progression angles on medial tibiofemoral loading and long-term cartilage failure risk. Fifteen healthy male participants walked under four conditions: neutral gait, lateral wedge insoles, toe-in and toe-out gait. Three-dimensional kinematics were captured using an eight-camera system, and ground reaction forces were measured via a piezoelectric force plate. Musculoskeletal simulation analysis quantified tibiofemoral compressive forces, cartilage stresses, strains, and whole-body metabolic power. Probabilistic modelling was employed to estimate the probability of cartilage failure. Comparisons across the four gait conditions employed linear mixed-effects models with repeated measures. Peak compressive forces, stresses and strains w

SUBMITTER: Sinclair J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12653958 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature