Long-Term Hydration Study of Blended Cement: Calcined Kaolinite-Illite Composite Clays Compared to Fly Ash.

ABSTRACT: Calcined clays are a promising route to lower-carbon binders, but widescale adoption of limestone calcined clay cements (LC³) requires using low-kaolinitic resources due to the limited availability and pricing of high-grade sources. This study evaluates the long-term hydration of two locally available kaolinite-illite composite clays (kaolinite contents 18% and 13%) in binary (30% SCM) and ternary LC³-type (30% SCM + 15% limestone) binders, benchmarked against OPC and fly ash systems. Over 1 year, thermogravimetric analysis showed lower portlandite (CH) and increasing bound water in SCM systems relative to OPC, reflecting ongoing secondary hydration reactions of the SCMs. XRD/Rietveld confirmed formation of hemi- and monocarboaluminate, enhanced in LC³ vers

SUBMITTER: Flegar Pregernik M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12654212 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature