The Concentration and Duration of Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation Produce Different Cytokine Responses in an Ex Vivo Whole Blood Model in Horses.

ABSTRACT: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is frequently used in equine research to model clinical endotoxemia; however, there is no standardized protocol for inducing cytokine production in equine whole blood. To address this knowledge gap, the goal of this study was to compare the cytokine responses elicited by three different LPS stimulation protocols. Whole blood was collected from six healthy horses (aged 5-30 years; mixed breeds and genders) from the North Carolina State University teaching herd (IACUC #23-412). Sixty milliliters of heparinized blood were aseptically drawn and divided into 15 mL aliquots. Samples were stimulated with LPS at concentrations of 100 ng/mL, 1000 ng/mL, or using a two-hit model (500 ng/mL initially and again at 1.5 h). Incubation occurred at 37 °C on an orbital shaker for t

SUBMITTER: Mitlyng N 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12656798 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature