Neutrophil extracellular traps-STC1 positive feedback loop promotes immune evasion and metastasis in bladder cancer.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment strategy for bladder cancer (BLCA), but primary resistance still occurs in most patients. Recent evidence suggests that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a key role in cancer therapy resistance, but their specific role in BLCA remains unclear.

Methods

An integrated analysis of multiple clinical cohorts receiving ICIs was performed to explore the link between NETs and patient outcomes. Immunofluorescence staining, in vitro co-culture system, scanning electron microscopy, and mouse lung metastasis model were used to evaluate the biological effects of NETs. Proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics analysis were further applied to elucidate the molecular mechanisms.

Results

Clinically

SUBMITTER: Cai T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12666199 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature