CD44v5 enhances the IL-4/IL-4Rα/STAT6/SAM68 aix inducing M2 polarization and promoting triple-negative breast cancer progression.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the predominant and abundant immune cells in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), critically drive TNBC progression. Consequently, TAM reprogramming has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach. However, a major barrier remains the incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing TAM reprogramming.

Methods

The role of CD44v5 in TAM polarization was evaluated with a CD44v5 monoclonal antibody and CD44v5-knockdown cell lines. Subsequently, cell functional assays, including wound healing, invasion, and colony formation assays, were performed to assess changes in the MDA-MB-468 cell line. Cytokine

SUBMITTER: Ji Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12667654 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature