Traditional Chinese Medicinal Leech Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Glioblastoma by SGK1/Caspase-3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most lethal form of high-grade glioma, with current therapeutic options proving largely ineffective. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel treatment strategies. Recent studies have indicated that the medicinal leech exhibits notable anticancer properties. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be elucidated.

Methods

To investigate the impact of leech drug-containing serum (LDS) on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GBM cells, a series of assays including CCK-8, ethynyl deoxyuridine (EdU), colony formation, scratch, and transwell assays were employed. Additionally, the apoptosis and autophagy of GBM cells were analyzed using flow cytometry, monodansylcadaverine staining and the immun

SUBMITTER: Wu S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12668900 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature