Unveiling the nanotoxicology of snake venoms through functional and biochemical characterization of extracellular vesicles from Naja naja and Daboia russelii.

ABSTRACT: Snake venom is a complex biochemical arsenal that exerts multifaceted effects on host physiology, primarily targeting the hemostatic, cellular, and metabolic systems. Recent attention has turned to venom-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as active carriers of toxin components. The current study comparatively evaluates the hematological and enzymatic effects of crude venoms and EVs from Naja naja and Daboia russelii across key physiological parameters: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), red blood cell hemolysis, and purinergic enzyme activity (ATPase and ADPase). Both venoms and their EVs caused dose-dependent alterations in coagulation, with EVs significantly prolonging aPTT and PT, indicating intrinsic and extrinsic pathway inhibition. Hemolysis assays

SUBMITTER: K N 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12669237 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature