Chemical properties and biological activities of three highly purified major tetrodotoxin analogues.

ABSTRACT: Tetrodotoxin (TTX), the pufferfish toxin, has the potential to cause fatal food poisoning because of its potent voltage-gated sodium channel (Na_v) blocking activity. 4-epiTTX, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, and 11-oxoTTX are the major TTX analogues found in marine animals; thus, their chemical properties and biological activities should be determined. In this study, these three TTX analogues were purified to a high level (purity >97%) from pufferfish and newts. The ratios of the hemilactal to the 10,7-lactone forms were determined using ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR data were also obtained. 4-epiTTX underwent considerable transformation to TTX in physiological conditions. The Na_v blocking activity of these analogues was evaluated by whole-cell patch-clamp recording us

SUBMITTER: Yotsu-Yamashita M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12674993 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature